Introduction

Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a condition characterised by the weakening of the tracheal and bronchial cartilages, resulting in airway collapse in dogs. This condition is notably prevalent in small and toy dog breeds, such as Yorkshire Terriers and Poodles, but it can also affect medium and large breeds (Kim et al., 2018). Research indicates that TBM can be present in up to 50% of dogs examined, with tracheal collapse observed in 21% and bronchomalacia in 47% of cases (Johnson & Pollard, 2010). Additionally, bronchomalacia in dogs is commonly associated with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration and can impact the cervical and intrathoracic trachea, as well as multiple lobar bronchi (Singh et al., 2012).

Diagnosis of Tracheobronchomalacia in Dogs

The diagnosis of tracheobronchomalacia in dogs primarily relies on the visual identification of a reduction in the luminal diameter of the airway exceeding 25%, a finding typically confirmed through bronchoscopy (Yoon et al., 2020). Bronchoscopy stands as the gold standard diagnostic tool for tracheobronchomalacia, allowing for direct visualisation of the dynamic collapse of the airways. The procedure involves the insertion of a bronchoscope into the trachea and bronchi, providing a real-time assessment of the airway’s structure and functionality. Furthermore, studies have shown that tracheobronchomalacia affects dogs of all sizes and somatotypes, with 38% of affected dogs weighing over 10 kg (Gamracy et al., 2022). Chronic cough in dogs has also been linked to TBM, with approximately 51% of dogs with a chronic cough exhibiting this condition (Lee et al., 2017).

Prevalence and Associated Conditions of Tracheobronchomalacia

Tracheobronchomalacia is a significant condition within the canine population. It not only affects a substantial percentage of dogs but is also frequently associated with other conditions, such as myxomatous mitral valve degeneration. This comorbidity necessitates a comprehensive diagnostic approach to ensure that all contributing factors to the airway collapse are identified and managed appropriately. The prevalence of tracheobronchomalacia in specific breeds and its occurrence in dogs with chronic respiratory symptoms underline the importance of thorough diagnostic evaluations.

Treatment Options for Tracheobronchomalacia in Dogs

The management of tracheobronchomalacia in dogs includes a combination of medical and surgical approaches, tailored to the severity of the condition and the individual patient’s needs.

Medical Management of Tracheobronchomalacia

Medical treatment is often the first line of management for tracheobronchomalacia and aims to reduce clinical signs and improve the quality of life. This can include:

1. Antitussives: Medications such as hydrocodone or butorphanol may be used to suppress chronic coughing, a common symptom associated with tracheobronchomalacia.
2. Bronchodilators: Drugs like theophylline or terbutaline can help to open the airways and reduce respiratory effort.
3. Anti-inflammatory medications: Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, may be prescribed to decrease inflammation and swelling within the airways.
4. Antibiotics: In cases where secondary bacterial infections are present, appropriate antibiotic therapy is essential.
5. Weight management and exercise: Maintaining an optimal body weight and providing controlled exercise can significantly improve respiratory function and overall health.

Surgical Management of Tracheobronchomalacia

For dogs that do not respond adequately to medical management, surgical options may be considered:

1. Intraluminal Tracheal Stenting: This involves placing a stent within the trachea to support the weakened cartilage and prevent airway collapse. It is typically reserved for refractory cases where medical treatment has been insufficient (Culp et al., 2007).
2. Tracheal Ring Prostheses: The placement of tracheal ring prostheses has demonstrated significant improvement in the quality of life and long-term outcomes in dogs with severe cervical tracheal collapse (Chisnell & Pardo, 2014). This procedure stabilises the trachea and bronchi, alleviating respiratory distress.

Conclusion

Tracheobronchomalacia is a critical condition affecting a considerable percentage of the canine population. The importance of bronchoscopy in diagnosing tracheobronchomalacia cannot be overstated, as it provides a definitive and direct method to assess the extent of airway collapse. Understanding the prevalence, diagnostic methods, and comprehensive treatment options for tracheobronchomalacia is essential for effectively managing this condition in affected dogs. By utilising advanced diagnostic techniques and a combination of medical and surgical treatment strategies, veterinary professionals can significantly enhance the quality of life for dogs suffering from tracheobronchomalacia.